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Python-学习资源</h1> <ul><li><p>awesome-python</p> <ul><li><a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li> <li><p>the-craft-of-selfteaching</p> <ul><li>@by 李笑来</li> <li>自学是门手艺</li> <li>@code <a href="https://github.com/selfteaching/the-craft-of-selfteaching" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/selfteaching/the-craft-of-selfteaching<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h1 id="python-入门教程"><a href="#python-入门教程" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-入门教程</h1> <ul><li><p>廖雪峰-Python教程</p> <ul><li><a href="http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li> <li><p>python-guide</p> <ul><li>@code <a href="https://github.com/kennethreitz/python-guide" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/kennethreitz/python-guide<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li> <li><p>草根学Python</p> <ul><li>@code <a href="https://github.com/TwoWater/Python" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/TwoWater/Python<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr> <h1 id="python-安装运行"><a href="#python-安装运行" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-安装运行</h1> <ul><li>@dl <a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li> <li>第三方库-非官方
<ul><li><a href="http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h1 id="python-安装运行-faq"><a href="#python-安装运行-faq" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-安装运行 @faq</h1> <ul><li><p>Python编译系统配置</p> <ul><li><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/tstbdt/article/details/44490061" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://blog.csdn.net/tstbdt/article/details/44490061<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li> <li><p>windows安装注意</p></li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>注意<span class="token punctuation">]</span>  
选择可执行版本
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token builtin">all</span> users
选择add to path

<span class="token comment"># 安装第三方库</span>
cd <span class="token operator">/</span>d folder
pip install xxx<span class="token punctuation">.</span>whl

<span class="token comment"># 此命令显示安装过哪些</span>
pip3 freeze 
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-ide"><a href="#python-ide" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-IDE</h1> <ul><li>pyCharm @nice</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token comment"># pyCharm</span>
<span class="token builtin">file</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> Settings
输入框搜索encoding
找到Editor<span class="token operator">-</span>File encodings
将IDE Encoding与Project Encoding 设置为utf<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">8</span>
</code></pre></div><ul><li>ipython notebook --&gt; 可在web浏览器运行</li> <li>Sublime</li> <li>Atom</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token comment"># Atom插件</span>
pylinter
SublimeCodeIntel
Python PEP8 Autoformat <span class="token operator">//</span> 自动格式化 CTRL<span class="token operator">+</span>SHIFT<span class="token operator">+</span>R
</code></pre></div><ul><li>pylinter
<ul><li>@dl <a href="https://github.com/biermeester/Pylinter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/biermeester/Pylinter<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr> <h1 id="python"><a href="#python" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python</h1> <ul><li>解释型、面向对象、动态数据类型</li> <li>GPL(GNU General Public License)协议</li> <li>Python的高级性是针对Java/C++而言的</li> <li>丰富的库, 这目前仅是Python2的优势（Python3移植还存在风险）</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>如果你需要一段`运行很快`的关键代码或者是一些不愿开放的算法，
你可以使用C或C<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token operator">+</span>完成那部分程序， 
然后从你的Python程序中调用，
因为它是一门胶水语言

<span class="token comment"># Python2+ 中文编码问题</span>
而Python <span class="token number">3.0</span><span class="token operator">+</span>已经默认指定utf<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">8</span>

<span class="token comment">#!/usr/bin/python</span>
<span class="token comment"># -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-</span>

$ python <span class="token operator">-</span>h <span class="token operator">//</span> 命令行参数  
CTRL<span class="token operator">+</span>C 来退出无限循环
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-语法"><a href="#python-语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-语法</h1> <ul><li>缩进是强制的，因为影响到解释，但只要保持缩进一致</li> <li>循环语句可以有 else子句，一些原因导致循环终止时被执行, 但循环被break终止时不执行</li> <li>pass是占位的空语句，什么也不干，只是为了好看</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> keyword
keyword<span class="token punctuation">.</span>kwlist  <span class="token operator">//</span> 显示保留字

<span class="token comment"># 多行语句</span>
item_two <span class="token operator">+</span> \
    item_three

<span class="token keyword">import</span> sys<span class="token punctuation">;</span> x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'runoob'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> sys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>stdout<span class="token punctuation">.</span>write<span class="token punctuation">(</span>x <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">'\n'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;按enter后退出&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 两种注释风格</span>
<span class="token comment"># 这是一个注释</span>

<span class="token triple-quoted-string string">'''
这是多行注释
'''</span>
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-输入输出"><a href="#python-输入输出" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-输入输出</h1> <ul><li>表达式语句 和 print() 函数</li> <li>文件对象的 write() 方法</li> <li>str.format()</li> <li>repr() 或 str() 将输出的值转成字符串</li></ul> <h1 id="python-日期时间"><a href="#python-日期时间" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-日期时间</h1> <ul><li>time 和 calendar 和 datetime模块</li> <li>时间元组</li> <li>日期格式化 strftime</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token comment"># 关于时间戳</span>
单位最适于做日期运算。
但是<span class="token number">1970</span>年之前的日期就无法以此表示，太遥远的日期也不行
UNIX和Windows只支持到<span class="token number">2038</span>年
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-文件模块"><a href="#python-文件模块" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-文件模块</h1> <ul><li>文件</li> <li>目录</li> <li>pickle 模块</li></ul> <h1 id="python-数据类型"><a href="#python-数据类型" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-数据类型</h1> <p>-&gt;&gt;</p> <h1 id="python-列表推导式"><a href="#python-列表推导式" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-列表推导式</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>从序列创建列表的简单途径

如果希望表达式推导出一个元组，就必须使用括号

<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> freshfruit <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'  banana'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'  loganberry '</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'passion fruit  '</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>weapon<span class="token punctuation">.</span>strip<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> weapon <span class="token keyword">in</span> freshfruit<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'banana'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'loganberry'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'passion fruit'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token comment"># 循环</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> vec1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> vec2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>x<span class="token operator">*</span>y <span class="token keyword">for</span> x <span class="token keyword">in</span> vec1 <span class="token keyword">for</span> y <span class="token keyword">in</span> vec2<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">16</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">36</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">24</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">54</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>x<span class="token operator">+</span>y <span class="token keyword">for</span> x <span class="token keyword">in</span> vec1 <span class="token keyword">for</span> y <span class="token keyword">in</span> vec2<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>vec1<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">*</span>vec2<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>vec1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">54</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-遍历"><a href="#python-遍历" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-遍历</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> i<span class="token punctuation">,</span> v <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">enumerate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'tic'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'tac'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'toe'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">,</span> v<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
<span class="token number">0</span> tic
<span class="token number">1</span> tac
<span class="token number">2</span> toe

<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> questions <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'name'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'quest'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'favorite color'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> answers <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'lancelot'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'the holy grail'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'blue'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> q<span class="token punctuation">,</span> a <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">zip</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>questions<span class="token punctuation">,</span> answers<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>     <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'What is your {0}?  It is {1}.'</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">format</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
What <span class="token keyword">is</span> your name?  It <span class="token keyword">is</span> lancelot<span class="token punctuation">.</span>
What <span class="token keyword">is</span> your quest?  It <span class="token keyword">is</span> the holy grail<span class="token punctuation">.</span>
What <span class="token keyword">is</span> your favorite color?  It <span class="token keyword">is</span> blue<span class="token punctuation">.</span>
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-运算符"><a href="#python-运算符" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-运算符</h1> <ul><li>位运算符</li> <li>逻辑运算符 and | or | not</li> <li>成员运算符 in | not in</li> <li>身份运算符 is | is not</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span>  <span class="token comment"># 0.5</span>
<span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">//</span> <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token comment"># 0</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>  <span class="token number">5</span> <span class="token comment"># 32</span>
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-迭代器和生成器"><a href="#python-迭代器和生成器" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-迭代器和生成器</h1> <ul><li>迭代器只能往前不会后退</li> <li>iter() 和 next()</li> <li>使用了 yield 的函数被称为生成器，生成器就是一个迭代器</li></ul> <hr> <h1 id="python-函数"><a href="#python-函数" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-函数</h1> <ul><li>采用引用传递，原始的参数会被改变</li> <li>不定长参数 <em>放元组前 *</em> 字典</li> <li>匿名函数 lambda</li> <li>有默认值的参数必须声名在没有默认值的参数之后</li> <li>静态方法 @staticmethod 隐参cls可以获取类的信息</li></ul> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">area</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>width<span class="token punctuation">,</span> height<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> width <span class="token operator">*</span> height
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>area<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># lambda</span>
<span class="token builtin">sum</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">lambda</span> arg1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> arg2<span class="token punctuation">:</span> arg1 <span class="token operator">+</span> arg2<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">sum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-错误与异常"><a href="#python-错误与异常" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-错误与异常</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token comment"># 语法错误和异常</span>

用户中断的信息会引发一个
KeyboardInterrupt 异常

<span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token keyword">except</span> 语句还有一个可选的<span class="token keyword">else</span>子句，
如果使用这个子句，
那么必须放在所有的<span class="token keyword">except</span>子句之后。
这个子句将在<span class="token keyword">try</span>子句没有发生任何异常的时候执行

异常处理并不仅仅处理那些直接发生在<span class="token keyword">try</span>子句中的异常，
而且还能处理子句中调用的函数（甚至间接调用的函数）里抛出的异常

使用 <span class="token keyword">raise</span> 语句抛出一个指定的异常
<span class="token keyword">raise</span> NameError<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'HiThere'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 自定义异常类</span>

大多数的异常的名字都以<span class="token string">&quot;Error&quot;</span>结尾，就跟标准的异常命名一样

<span class="token comment"># 定义清理行为</span>

以上例子不管<span class="token keyword">try</span>子句里面有没有发生异常，<span class="token keyword">finally</span>子句都会执行。
如果一个异常在 <span class="token keyword">try</span> 子句里（或者在 <span class="token keyword">except</span> 和 <span class="token keyword">else</span> 子句里）被抛出，
而又没有任何的 <span class="token keyword">except</span> 把它截住，
那么这个异常会在 <span class="token keyword">finally</span> 子句执行后再次被抛出。

<span class="token comment"># 预定清理行为</span>
<span class="token keyword">with</span>语句
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-模块"><a href="#python-模块" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-模块</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>sys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>path
包含了一个 Python 解释器自动查找所需模块的路径的列表

一个模块只会被导入一次，
不管你执行了多少次<span class="token keyword">import</span>。
这样可以防止导入模块被一遍又一遍地执行。

从模块中导入一个指定的部分
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> fibo <span class="token keyword">import</span> fib<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fib2
<span class="token keyword">from</span> modname <span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>
划线（_）开头的名字不在此例

<span class="token builtin">dir</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> 可以找到模块内定义的所有名称

<span class="token comment"># 包</span>
不同的作者都可以提供 NumPy 模块，
或者是 Python 图形库。

目录只有包含一个叫做 __init__<span class="token punctuation">.</span>py 的文件
才会被认作是一个包

<span class="token keyword">import</span> sound<span class="token punctuation">.</span>effects<span class="token punctuation">.</span>echo
sound<span class="token punctuation">.</span>effects<span class="token punctuation">.</span>echo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>echofilter<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> output<span class="token punctuation">,</span> delay<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0.7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> atten<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">from</span> sound<span class="token punctuation">.</span>effects <span class="token keyword">import</span> echo
echo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>echofilter<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">input</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> output<span class="token punctuation">,</span> delay<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">0.7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> atten<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 从一个包中导入*</span>
__all__ <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&quot;echo&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;surround&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;reverse&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
这表示当你使用<span class="token keyword">from</span> sound<span class="token punctuation">.</span>effects <span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>这种用法时，
你只会导入包里面这三个子模块。
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-标准库"><a href="#python-标准库" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-标准库</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> os

<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">import</span> shutil
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> shutil<span class="token punctuation">.</span>copyfile<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'data.db'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'archive.db'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> shutil<span class="token punctuation">.</span>move<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'/build/executables'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'installdir'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token operator">//</span> 从目录通配符搜索中生成文件列表
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">import</span> glob
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> glob<span class="token punctuation">.</span>glob<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'*.py'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'primes.py'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'random.py'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'quote.py'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">import</span> sys
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>argv<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'demo.py'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'one'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'two'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'three'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
sys 还有 stdin，stdout 和 stderr 属性

<span class="token operator">//</span> 字符串正则匹配
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">import</span> re
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>findall<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">r'\bf[a-z]*'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'which foot or hand fell fastest'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'foot'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'fell'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'fastest'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sub<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">r'(\b[a-z]+) \1'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">r'\1'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'cat in the the hat'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'cat in the hat'</span>

<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">import</span> math
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>cos<span class="token punctuation">(</span>math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pi <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token number">0.70710678118654757</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> math<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token number">10.0</span>

<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">import</span> random
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> random<span class="token punctuation">.</span>choice<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'apple'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'pear'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'banana'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token string">'apple'</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> random<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sample<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>   <span class="token comment"># sampling without replacement</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">83</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">16</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">81</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">41</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">33</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> random<span class="token punctuation">.</span>random<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>    <span class="token comment"># random float</span>
<span class="token number">0.17970987693706186</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> random<span class="token punctuation">.</span>randrange<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>    <span class="token comment"># random integer chosen from range(6)</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>

<span class="token comment"># 访问 互联网</span>

<span class="token comment"># 日期时间</span>

<span class="token comment"># 数据压缩</span>

<span class="token comment"># 性能度量</span>
timeit

<span class="token comment"># 测试模块</span>
doctest
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-面向对象"><a href="#python-面向对象" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-面向对象</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>类的继承机制允许多个基类，
派生类可以覆盖基类中的任何方法，
方法中可以调用基类中的同名方法。

<span class="token comment"># 构造方法</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">__init__</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

self代表类的实例，而非类，代表当前对象的地址，
而 self<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> 则指向类

类的方法与普通的函数只有一个特别的区别——
它们必须有一个额外的第一个参数名称<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
按照惯例它的名称是 self。

若是父类中有相同的方法名，
而在子类使用时未指定，
python从左至右搜索 即方法在子类中未找到时，
从左到右查找父类中是否包含方法。

两个下划线开头，声明该属性为私有
self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>__private_attrs。

<span class="token comment"># 类的专有方法</span>
__init__ <span class="token punctuation">:</span> 构造函数，在生成对象时调用
__del__ <span class="token punctuation">:</span> 析构函数，释放对象时使用
__repr__ <span class="token punctuation">:</span> 打印，转换
__setitem__ <span class="token punctuation">:</span> 按照索引赋值
__getitem__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 按照索引获取值
__len__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 获得长度
__cmp__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 比较运算
__call__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 函数调用
__add__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 加运算
__sub__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 减运算
__mul__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 乘运算
__div__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 除运算
__mod__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 求余运算
__pow__<span class="token punctuation">:</span> 称方
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-正则表达式"><a href="#python-正则表达式" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-正则表达式</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code><span class="token comment"># match与search的区别</span>
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>match只匹配字符串的开始，
如果字符串开始不符合正则表达式，则匹配失败，函数返回<span class="token boolean">None</span>；
而re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>search匹配整个字符串，直到找到一个匹配。

re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sub用于替换字符串中的匹配项

<span class="token comment"># 正则表达式修饰符</span>
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>I     使匹配对大小写不敏感
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>L    做本地化识别（locale<span class="token operator">-</span>aware）匹配
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>M   多行匹配，影响 <span class="token operator">^</span> 和 $
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>S    使 <span class="token punctuation">.</span> 匹配包括换行在内的所有字符
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>U  
re<span class="token punctuation">.</span>X

<span class="token comment"># 正则表达式模式</span>
标点符号只有被转义时才匹配自身，否则它们表示特殊的含义

<span class="token operator">//</span> 实例
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>Pp<span class="token punctuation">]</span>ython    匹配 <span class="token string">&quot;Python&quot;</span> 或 <span class="token string">&quot;python&quot;</span>
rub<span class="token punctuation">[</span>ye<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配 <span class="token string">&quot;ruby&quot;</span> 或 <span class="token string">&quot;rube&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>aeiou<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配中括号内的任意一个字母
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配任何数字。类似于 <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0123456789</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>a<span class="token operator">-</span>z<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配任何小写字母
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>A<span class="token operator">-</span>Z<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配任何大写字母
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>a<span class="token operator">-</span>zA<span class="token operator">-</span>Z0<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配任何字母及数字
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">^</span>aeiou<span class="token punctuation">]</span>    除了aeiou字母以外的所有字符
<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">^</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>    匹配除了数字外的字符
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="python-多线程"><a href="#python-多线程" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-多线程</h1> <p>-&gt;&gt;</p> <hr> <h1 id="python-cgi编程"><a href="#python-cgi编程" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-CGI编程</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>Apache 支持CGI 配置

修改文件权限为 <span class="token number">755</span>

<span class="token comment"># CGI环境变量</span>

<span class="token comment"># get和post方法</span>

<span class="token comment"># CGI中使用Cookie</span>

<span class="token comment"># 文件上传实例</span>
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-网络编程"><a href="#python-网络编程" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-网络编程</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>两个级别访问的网络服务
低级别的网络服务支持基本的 Socket，
它提供了标准的 BSD Sockets API，
可以访问底层操作系统Socket接口的全部方法。

高级别的网络服务模块 SocketServer，
它提供了服务器中心类，
可以简化网络服务器的开发

Socket
向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求，
使主机间或者一台计算机上的进程间可以通讯。

<span class="token comment"># Python Internet 模块</span>
HTTP    网页访问    <span class="token number">80</span>    httplib<span class="token punctuation">,</span> urllib<span class="token punctuation">,</span> xmlrpclib
NNTP    阅读和张贴新闻文章，俗称为<span class="token string">&quot;帖子&quot;</span>    <span class="token number">119</span>    nntplib
FTP    文件传输    <span class="token number">20</span>    ftplib<span class="token punctuation">,</span> urllib
SMTP    发送邮件    <span class="token number">25</span>    smtplib
POP3    接收邮件    <span class="token number">110</span>    poplib
IMAP4    获取邮件    <span class="token number">143</span>    imaplib
Telnet    命令行    <span class="token number">23</span>    telnetlib
Gopher    信息查找    <span class="token number">70</span>    gopherlib<span class="token punctuation">,</span> urllib

<span class="token comment"># SMTP发送邮件</span>
SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol）

<span class="token comment"># 使用Python发送HTML格式的邮件</span>
<span class="token comment"># Python 发送带附件的邮件</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在 HTML 文本中添加图片</span>
</code></pre></div><h1 id="python-xml与json解析"><a href="#python-xml与json解析" class="header-anchor">#</a> Python-XML与JSON解析</h1> <div class="language-py extra-class"><pre class="language-py"><code>python有三种方法解析XML，
SAX，DOM，以及ElementTree<span class="token punctuation">:</span>

SAX用事件驱动模型，
通过在解析XML的过程中触发一个个的事件
并调用用户定义的回调函数来处理XML文件。
</code></pre></div><hr> <h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="header-anchor">#</a> 参考</h1> <ul><li><p>Sublime Text 3 python 配置</p> <ul><li><a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/waising/articles/3466120.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.cnblogs.com/waising/articles/3466120.html<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li> <li><p>pylinter路径问题</p> <ul><li><a href="https://www.baidu.com/link?url=yEoP4X-gVdIPEvq6qV_qvkOpBUCcl2lFFq-Ivn4mn4vlAqmv5DtHYWbJgZG-VxY981sMt7z3Vp2pKpdulS6i7a&amp;wd=&amp;eqid=c46c4cf000149f3a0000000458b16c19" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.baidu.com/link?url=yEoP4X-gVdIPEvq6qV_qvkOpBUCcl2lFFq-Ivn4mn4vlAqmv5DtHYWbJgZG-VxY981sMt7z3Vp2pKpdulS6i7a&amp;wd=&amp;eqid=c46c4cf000149f3a0000000458b16c19<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <!----></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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